玉米苗枯病的发生及药剂处理种子对该病控制作用的研究

自1998～2002年对鲁西北玉米主产区苗枯病进行了调查研究,田间调查表明玉米苗枯病的发生与土壤类型、苗期降雨量、品种抗性及种子带菌率等多种因素有关.病原鉴定结果得知玉米苗枯病是由串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme)、禾谷镰刀菌(Egraminearum)、玉米丝核菌(Rhizoctonia zeae)等多种真菌引起.药剂拌种可明显减轻病害发生,用种子量0.15%的适乐时、卫福、多菌灵拌种防治效果分别为95.63%、92.82%、84.31%,尤其使用适乐和卫福处理玉米种子,田间出苗率高、苗健壮、叶色浓绿,值得推广使用.     

梯田田坎水分耗散及其对作物产量的影响初探

通过对陕北丘陵沟壑区梯田土壤水分及作物产量监测结果的分析，认为田坎水分蒸发对田面土壤水分的减少作用，在距田坎１ｍ距离内是明显的，它使作物单株产量较坡地减少了１８．２％，理论计算表明：１ｍ高田坎水分损失１０．９％，２ｍ高田坎水分损失１１．２％。     

轮胎结构参数对非稳态侧偏频率特性的影响

以考虑胎体复杂变形的轮胎非稳态侧偏特性理论模型为基础，分析了轮胎结构参数对轮胎非稳态侧偏频率特性的影响，并进一步分析了轮胎结构参数对车辆摆振的影响。     

膨化干燥灰枣粉玻璃化转变及贮藏稳定性

为了综合水分活度及玻璃化转变理论构建状态图,获得灰枣粉的较佳贮藏条件,该文采用静态称量法和差示扫描量热法测定灰枣粉的吸附特性及玻璃化转变温度。结果表明,膨化干燥灰枣粉水分吸附的平衡干基含水率随水分活度的增加而增加,水分吸附等温线呈J型,描述灰枣粉水分吸附特性的适宜模型为GAB模型（R2=0.9968）;灰枣粉的玻璃化转变温度随含水率升高而降低,湿基含水率由0.064 g/g增加到0.175 g/g时,玻璃化转变温度由29.90℃降低到?35.02℃;灰枣粉干基含水率≤0.1223 g/g、贮藏温度≤?0.062°C时其稳定性较好,研究结果为灰枣粉加工、运输等过程中的贮藏条件提供理论参考。     

不同介质陡坡降雨侵蚀产沙试验研究

通过比较分析了邙山黄土和粉煤灰在25°陡坡、人工模拟降雨条件下的侵蚀特点,得到以下结论,不同介质不同雨强条件下的侵蚀小区,降雨初期径流量都较小,随着降雨时间的延长,径流量、产沙量逐渐增大;当降雨进行到一定时间段时,径流量、产沙量会出现激增点,此后径流量、产沙量急剧增加,经过一段时间后,径流量、产沙量达到相对稳定状态;在不同的下垫面介质和不同雨强条件下,侵蚀小区的径流量、产沙量激增点和它们达到稳定的时间有很大的差异,随着雨强的增加,激增点及稳定时刻都会大大提前;坡面产沙量激增点及相对稳定时间一般滞后径流量的激增点及相对稳定时间约1～3 min;粉煤灰基本上能在较小雨强条件下模拟出邙山黄土在较大雨强时才能体现出来的侵蚀特点.     

FEM analysis of subsoil reaction on heavy wheel loads with emphasis on soil preconsolidation stress and cohesion

Heavy sugarbeet harvesters may compact subsoil. But it is very difficult to study this by field experiments that resemble agricultural practice. Therefore, an analysis was made by a finite element method (FEM) for a relevant calcaric fluvial soil profile, the mechanical properties of which were largely known. Measuring data of this Lobith loam soil includes preconsolidation stress, compression index and swelling index, all as a function of depth. Using these three types of soil parameters calculations have been done for tyre sizes, inflation pressures and wheel loads that occur with heaviest sugarbeet harvesters available on the European market in 1999. Because no values on soil cohesion were available, the calculations were done for several cohesion levels. The results include the detection of regions with Mohr–Coulomb plasticity and regions with cap plasticity (compaction hardening). For the soil studied—a typical soil strength profile for arable land with ploughpan in the Netherlands in the autumn of 1977—all studied combinations of wheel load and inflation pressure did not induce compaction in and below the ploughpan. The size of the region with Mohr–Coulomb plasticity decreased with increasing cohesion. It appeared from a sensitivity analysis that, although soil modelling may use a great number of soil parameters, the most important parameters seem to be: preconsolidation stress and cohesion. There is an urgent need for data of these parameters that are measured on a great range of subsoils and subsoil conditions.     

Modelling compaction of agricultural subsoils by tracked heavy construction machinery under various moisture conditions in Switzerland

In recent years, agricultural land in Switzerland has been increasingly used as temporary access ways for heavy machinery in road and pipeline construction operations. The Swiss soil protection law requires that measures are taken to prevent soil compaction in such operations, but gives no criteria to determine tolerable loads. We studied the compaction sensitivity of a loess soil (Haplic Luvisol) at different soil moisture conditions in a field traffic experiment and by a numerical model on the computer using finite element analysis. Two plots, one wetted by sprinkling and one left dry (no sprinkling), were traversed by heavy caterpillar vehicles during construction of a large overland gas pipeline. Compaction effects were determined by comparing precompression stresses of samples taken from trafficked and non-trafficked soil. A finite element model with a constitutive relation, based on the concept of critical state soil mechanics, was used to interpret the outcome of the field trials.

We found significantly higher precompression stresses in the trafficked (median 97 kPa) compared with the non-trafficked (median 41 kPa) topsoil of the wet plot. No effect was evident in the topsoil of the dry plot as well as in the subsoils of the wet and the dry plot. The observed compaction effects were in agreement with the model predictions if the soil was assumed to be partially drained, but disagreed for the wet subsoil if fully drained conditions were assumed. Agreement between model and experimental results also required that the moisture dependence of the precompression stress was taken into account.     

Influence of soil water on stress–strain behaviour of a compacting soil in semi-arid Kenya

Depending on the top and subsoil textures, semi-arid soils exhibit cohesive and frictional properties that are associated with the relatively high soil strength, bulk density and penetration resistance. The objective of this study was to gain the knowledge of mechanical properties of the compacting chromic luvisols in order to improve the design of tillage tools. Therefore, we applied critical state soil mechanics to study the stress–strain behaviour of the luvisols using triaxial tests under laboratory conditions. Field investigations involved random collection of undisturbed soil samples which were subjected to triaxial testing first by isotropic consolidation and compression and then triaxial shearing. Plots of deviatoric stress against axial strain were made to determine the soil shear strengths at the critical states over different soil water levels and the two soil depths of 0–20 cm for the plough and 20–40 cm for the hard pan layers, respectively. An exponential model used to fit the deviatoric stress–axial strain test data accurately predicted the trends. Soil water significantly influenced the shear strength, cohesion (c′) and internal angle of friction (′) and hence the mechanical behaviour of the luvisols. The regression equations developed showed that c′ and ′ have quadratic relationships with soil water. The very high clay bonding strength in the subsoil (hard pan) layer resulted in high shear strength, bulk density and penetration resistance values for this soil layer. The increase in shear strength with decreasing water content affected the deviatoric stress–axial strain relationships between the upper and lower plastic limits of the sandy soil. Thus, as the soil dried, the soil ceased to behave in the plastic (ductile flow) manner and thus began to break apart and crumble. The crumbling was indicative of brittle failure. The transition stage from an increase to a decrease in c′ and ′ values with soil water occurred in the soil water content range of 6–10%. Knowledge of stress–strain behaviour of compacting soils is of practical significance in the design of appropriate tillage tools for the specific soil type.     

噬氨副球菌HPD-2固体发酵条件优化及其对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果

选用有机肥A、有机肥B和紫花苜蓿粉3种有机物料作为菌剂载体,探讨了固体发酵过程中物料量、接种量、固水比和发酵时间对噬氨副球菌HPD-2生长的影响,以及固体发酵菌剂对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明,3种发酵载体中,以有机肥A的效果最好。噬氨副球菌HPD-2以有机肥A为载体的固体发酵最佳条件为物料量20 g、接种量5%、固水比1:1、发酵时间 144 h。菌剂施入土壤28天后,土壤中PAHs总含量由初始的9.96 mg/kg 下降到7.64 mg/kg,其去除率达22.8%。不同环数PAHs的去除率高低顺序为3环＞5环＞6环和4环,分别下降了35.1%、27.0%、20.7%、20.4%。该菌剂对PAHs污染土壤有一定的修复效果。     

五个饲用玉米品种营养成分研究

试验对5个饲用玉米品种（东陵白、中原单32、科多8号、科青1号、科多4号）不同生育期（拔节期、抽穗期、乳熟期）的主要营养物质变化进行了研究,筛选出适宜当地栽培利用的饲用玉米品种并确定最适刈割期。试验结果表明：随着生育期的推进,各品种中粗蛋白、钙、磷、CA显著下降（P〈0.05）,NDF、ADF、OM含量则显著上升（P〈0.05）,各品种在每个生育期内营养物质含量差异不显著;与其它营养物质不同的是WSC含量在抽穗期显著高于拔节期和乳熟期（P〈0.05）。